State of the Art Treatment of Produced Water （先进的治疗产生水）.pdfVIP

Chapter 9 State of the Art Treatment of Produced Water Rangarajan T. Duraisamy, Ali Heydari Beni and Amr Henni Additional information is available at the end of the chapter /10.5772/53478 1. Introduction Produced water is water trapped during subsurface formations which is brought to the surface along with oil or gas. It contributes the largest volume of waste stream associated with oil and gas production. Globally, 77 billion bbl of water are produced per annum. The conventional methods to handle waste stream are reinjection into the well, direct discharge or reuse in case of thermal loop. Out of these, the most efficient way of handling produced water is to re-inject it into disposal wells. The disposal cost, which includes transportation cost, capital cost and infrastructure maintenance cost, may be as much as $4.00/bbl. On the other hand, many oil producing regions (West Texas, Middle East and the Central Asian Republics) have scarcity of potable water. An affordable water treatment process could convert produced water into an asset. The harmful effects of produced water and the depletion of usable water resources act as a driving force for the treatment of produced water. Produced water contains soluble and insoluble organic compounds, dissolved solids, production chemicals (corrosion inhibitors, surfactants etc.) and solid particles due to leaching of rocks and corrosion of pipelines. The methods available for treating produced water are physical, chemical, biological and membrane treatment processes. Stringent water quality parameters can be achieved efficiently through membrane processes. The most important advantages of using membrane processes a