Structure of the interstellar atomic gas Structure （结构的星际气体原子结构）.pptVIP

Synthetic HI spectra Heiles Troland 2003 Hennebelle et al. 2007 Influence of the equation of states 2-phase isothermal Audit Hennebelle 2009 * * * * * * * * * * * * * An introduction to the physics of the interstellar medium III. Hydrodynamics in the ISM Patrick Hennebelle The Equations of Hydrodynamics Equation of state: Continuity Equation: consider a layer of gas of surface S between x and x+dx -the incoming flux is rv(x) while the flux leaving the layer is rv(x+dx) -the variation of mass between time t and t+dt is r(t+dt)-r(t) -as mass is concerned: (r(t+dt)-r(t)) S dx = (rv(x)-rv(x+dx)) S dt Momentum Conservation: Consider a fluid particle of size dx (surface S), on velocity v. During t and t+dt the linear momentum variation is due to the external forces (say only pressure to simplify) S dx ( v(t+dt)-v(t) ) = P(x) S – P(x+dx) S dt = Heat Equation: -second principe of thermodynamics: dU = TdS – PdV, U=kb/mp(g-1) -assume no entropy creation (heat created by dissipation and no entropy exchanged) -dV=-dr/r2 = dU=Pdr/r2 = rdU/dt = -Pdiv(v) = A simple Application: Sound Waves Consider a linear pertubation in a plan-parallel uniform medium: We linearize the equations: Continuity equation Conservation of momentum Combining these two relations we obtain the dispersion relation: A less simple Application: Thermal Instability Consider a linear pertubation in a plan-parallel uniform medium: We linearize the equations: Continuity equation Conservation of momentum Perfect gas law Energy conservation Combining th