Teaching Speaking Theories and Methodologies （口语教学的理论和方法）.pdfVIP

Teaching Speaking Theories and Methodologies Jack C. Richards Typical learner problems • Cannot sustain spoken interaction beyond short segments • Frequent communication breakdowns and misunderstandings • Lack of vocabulary needed to talk about common utterances • Lack of communication strategies Typical learner problems • Speaks slowly and takes too long to compose utterances • Cannot participate actively in conversation • Spoken English doesn’t sound natural • Poor grammar • Poor pronunciation Reasons for poor speaking skills • Lack of curriculum emphasis on speaking skills • Teachers’ limited English proficiency • Class conditions do not favor oral activities • Limited opportunities outside of class to practice • Examination system does not emphasize oral skills Aspects of oral fluency • Use of conversational routines(Example) Aspects of oral fluency • Use of conversational routines • Use of short and long turns • Topic range • Mastery of basic functions (Example) Aspects of oral fluency • Use of conversational routines • Use of short and long turns • Topic range • Mastery of basic functions • Use of adjacency pairs Aspects of oral fluency • Use of casual and formal language (politeness) • Turn-taking skills • Back channeling (verbal and non-verbal) (Example) Aspects of oral fluency • Use of casual and formal language (politeness) • Turn-taking skills • Back channeling (verbal and non-verbal) • Use of communication strategies Three major speech types • Interactions • Transactions • Performances • Examples of spoken genres or “text types” Features of interactions • Create social interaction • Address the face needs of participants • Focus on participants and their social need