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THE CONCEPT OF VISCOSITY Columbia (粘度哥伦比亚的概念)
CHAPTER 3
THE CONCEPT OF VISCOSITY
Fluid flow plays a very important part in the processing of materials. Most
processes are based on the use of fluids either as raw materials, reagents, or
heat transfer media. In this book, we will see many examples of processes
where the rates of heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reaction between
two phases depend on the fluid flow phenomena in the system. It is therefore
necessary to start our study of rate phenomena in processing systems by
examining the motion of fluids.
3.1 DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY
The behavior of a fluid in flow is very much related to two intrinsic
properties of the fluid: density and viscosity. For example, a solid body
moving through a gas has to overcome a certain resistance which depends on
the relative velocity between fluid and solid, the shape of the solid, the
density of the gas and its viscosity. The power required to move a fluid
through a conduit is a function of the fluid velocity, the diameter of the
conduit and the fluid density and viscosity.
The existence and nature of viscosity can be demonstrated by
suspending two horizontal, parallel plates in a liquid so that they are
separated by a very small distance, Y (Fig. 3.1). Now, if the upper plate is
kept stationary while the lower plate is set to motion with a velocity uo, the
layer of liquid right next to this plate will also start to move. With time, the
motion of the bottom layer of fluid will cause the fluid layers higher up to
also move.
22
23
As shown in Fig. 3.1, when steady-state conditions a
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