THE CONCEPT OF VISCOSITY Columbia （粘度哥伦比亚的概念）.pdf

CHAPTER 3 THE CONCEPT OF VISCOSITY Fluid flow plays a very important part in the processing of materials. Most processes are based on the use of fluids either as raw materials, reagents, or heat transfer media. In this book, we will see many examples of processes where the rates of heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reaction between two phases depend on the fluid flow phenomena in the system. It is therefore necessary to start our study of rate phenomena in processing systems by examining the motion of fluids. 3.1 DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY The behavior of a fluid in flow is very much related to two intrinsic properties of the fluid: density and viscosity. For example, a solid body moving through a gas has to overcome a certain resistance which depends on the relative velocity between fluid and solid, the shape of the solid, the density of the gas and its viscosity. The power required to move a fluid through a conduit is a function of the fluid velocity, the diameter of the conduit and the fluid density and viscosity. The existence and nature of viscosity can be demonstrated by suspending two horizontal, parallel plates in a liquid so that they are separated by a very small distance, Y (Fig. 3.1). Now, if the upper plate is kept stationary while the lower plate is set to motion with a velocity uo, the layer of liquid right next to this plate will also start to move. With time, the motion of the bottom layer of fluid will cause the fluid layers higher up to also move. 22 23 As shown in Fig. 3.1, when steady-state conditions a