The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)（国际标准大气(ISA)）.pdfVIP

The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) * Mustafa Cavcar Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey Nomenclature a = speed of sound, m/sec 2 g = acceleration of gravity, m/sec h = altitude, m or ft 2 p = pressure, N/m or hPa R = real gas constant for air, 287.04 m2/°Ksec2 T = temperature, °K or °C 3 ρ = density, kg/m Subscripts 0 = standard sea level conditions 11 = tropopause caonditions Abbreviations ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization ISA = International Standard Atmosphere MSL = Mean Sea Level PA = Pressure Altitude 1. Standard Atmosphere Modeling For purposes of pressure altimeter calibrations, aircraft and rocket performance and their design, and so forth, knowledge of the vertical distribution of such quantities as pressure, temperature, density, and speed of sound is required. Since the real atmosphere never remains constant at any particular time or place, a hypothetical model must be employed as an approximation to what may be expected. This model is known as the standard atmosphere. The air in the model is assumed to be devoid of dust, moisture, and water vapor and to be at rest with respect to the Earth (that is, no winds or turbulence). [1] The first standard atmospheric models were developed in the 1920s in both Europe and the United States. The slight differences between the models were reconciled and an internationally accepted model was introduced in 1952 by the Intern