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The Limit of a Sequence MIT Mathematics(麻省理工学院数学序列的极限)
3
The Limit of a Sequence
3.1 Definition of limit.
In Chapter 1 we discussed the limit of sequences that were monotone; this
restriction allowed some short-cuts and gave a quick introduction to the concept.
But many important sequences are not monotone—numerical methods, for in-
stance, often lead to sequences which approach the desired answer alternately
from above and below. For such sequences, the methods we used in Chapter 1
won’t work. For instance, the sequence
1.1, .9, 1.01, .99, 1.001, .999, ...
has 1 as its limit, yet neither the integer part nor any of the decimal places of the
numbers in the sequence eventually becomes constant. We need a more generally
applicable definition of the limit.
We abandon therefore the decimal expansions, and replace them by the ap-
proximation viewpoint, in which “the limit of {a } is L” means roughly
n
an is a good approximation to L , when n is large.
The following definition makes this precise. After the definition, most of the
rest of the chapter will consist of examples in which the limit of a sequence is
calculated directly from this definition. There are “limit theorems” which help in
determining a limit; we will present some in Chapter 5. Even if you know them,
don’t use them yet, since the purpose here is to get familiar with the definition.
Definition 3.1 The number L is the limit of the sequence {a } if
n
(1) given ǫ 0, an ≈ L for n ≫ 1.
ǫ
If such an L exists, we say {a } converges, or is convergent; if not, {a } diverges,
n n
or is divergent. The two notations for the limit of a sequence are:
lim {a } = L ;
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