usp中缓冲溶液和标准溶液及详细配制方法.docVIP

usp中缓冲溶液和标准溶液的详细配制方法BUFFER SOLUTIONSThe successful completion of many Pharmacopeial tests and assaysrequires adjustment to or maintenance of a specified pH by the additionof buffer solutions. In pH measurements, standard buffer solutions arerequired for reference purposes. For convenience, the preparation ofthese solutions is in some instances described in the sections in whichtheir use is specified; i.e., five separate phosphate buffers aredescribed under Antibiotics -- Microbial Assays 81, and severalmiscellaneous single-purpose solutions are described in the individualmonographs.A solution is said to be buffered if it resists changes in theactivity of an ion on the addition of substances that are expected tochange the activity of that ion. Buffers are substances or combinationsof substances that impart this resistance to a solution. Bufferedsolutions are systems in which the ion is in equilibrium with substancescapable of removing or releasing the ion.Buffer capacity refers to the amount of material that may be added toa solution without causing a significant change in ion activity. It isdefined as the ratio of acid or base added (in gram-equivalents perliter) to the change in pH (in pH units). The capacity of a bufferedsolution is adjusted to the conditions of use, usually by adjustment ofthe concentrations of buffer substances.Buffers are used to establish and maintain an ion activity withinnarrow limits. The most common systems are used to establishhydrogen-ion activity for the calibration of pH meters, in thepreparation of dosage forms that approach isotonicity, in analyticalprocedures, and to maintain stability of various dosage forms.Buffers used in physiological systems are carefully chosen so as not tointerfere with pharmacological activity of the medicament or normalfunction of the organism. It is essential that buffers used in chemicalanalysis be compatible with the substance determined and the reagentsused.STANDARD BUF