a general mathematical framework for calculating systems-scale efficiency of energy extraction and conversion energy return on investment (eroi) and other energy return ratios一般数学框架计算系统扩展能量提取效率和转换能源投资回报率(eroi)和其他能源回报比率.pdfVIP

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a general mathematical framework for calculating systems-scale efficiency of energy extraction and conversion energy return on investment (eroi) and other energy return ratios一般数学框架计算系统扩展能量提取效率和转换能源投资回报率(eroi)和其他能源回报比率.pdf

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a general mathematical framework for calculating systems-scale efficiency of energy extraction and conversion energy return on investment (eroi) and other energy return ratios一般数学框架计算系统扩展能量提取效率和转换能源投资回报率(eroi)和其他能源回报比率

Energies 2011, 4, 1211-1245; doi:10.3390/en4081211 OPEN ACCESS energies ISSN 1996-1073 /journal/energies Article A General Mathematical Framework for Calculating Systems-Scale Efﬁciency of Energy Extraction and Conversion: Energy Return on Investment (EROI) and Other Energy Return Ratios Adam R. Brandt and Michael Dale Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; E-Mail: mikdale@ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: abrandt@; Tel.: +1-650-724-8251; Fax: +1-650-723-9091. Received: 14 April 2011; in revised form: 29 July 2011 / Accepted: 17 August 2011 / Published: 19 August 2011 Abstract: The efﬁciencies of energy extraction and conversion systems are typically expressed using energy return ratios (ERRs) such as the net energy ratio (NER) or energy return on investment (EROI). A lack of a general mathematical framework prevents inter-comparison of NER/EROI estimates between authors: methods used are not standardized, nor is there a framework for succinctly reporting results in a consistent fashion. In this paper we derive normalized mathematical forms of four ERRs for energy extraction and conversion pathways. A bottom-up (process model) formulation is developed for an -stage energy harvesting and conversion pathway with various system boundaries. Formations with the broadest system boundaries use insights from life cycl