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Antibodies 2012, 1, 124-148; doi:10.3390/antib1020124 OPEN ACCESS antibodies ISSN 2073-4468 /journal/antibodies Review Alpha Particle Emitter Radiolabeled Antibody for Metastatic Cancer: What Can We Learn from Heavy Ion Beam Radiobiology? Hong Song *, Srinivasan Senthamizhchelvan, Robert F. Hobbs and George Sgouros Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; E-Mails: ssriniv9@ (S.S.); rhobbs3@ (R.F.H.); gsgouros@ (G.S.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: hsong6@; Tel: +1-410-614-0254; Fax: +1-410-614-3147. Received: 3 May 2012; in revised form: 17 June 2012 / Accepted: 20 June 2012 / Published: 26 June 2012 Abstract: Alpha-particle emitter labeled monoclonal antibodies are being actively developed for treatment of metastatic cancer due to the high linear energy transfer (LET) and the resulting greater biological efficacy of alpha-emitters. Our knowledge of high LET particle radiobiology derives primarily from accelerated heavy ion beam studies. In heavy ion beam therapy of loco-regional tumors, the modulation of steep transition to very high LET peak as the particle approaches the end of its track (known as the Bragg peak) enables greater delivery of biologically potent radiation to the deep seated tumors while sparing normal tissues surrounding the tumor with the relatively low LET track segment part of the heavy ion beam. Moreover, frac