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anti-cancer effects of xanthones from pericarps of mangosteen山竹果的抗癌作用的氧杂蒽酮法.pdf

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anti-cancer effects of xanthones from pericarps of mangosteen山竹果的抗癌作用的氧杂蒽酮法

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2008, 9, 355-370 International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 © 2008 by MDPI /ijms/ Review Anti-Cancer Effects of Xanthones from Pericarps of Mangosteen Yukihiro Akao *, Yoshihito Nakagawa, Munekazu Iinuma, and Yoshinori Nozawa Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, 1-1 Naka-Fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu 504-0838, Japan; Tel: +81-583-71-4646, Fax: +81-583-71-4412 * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: yakao@giib.or.jp Received: 10 January 2008 / in revised form: 13 February 2008 / Accepted: 15 February 2008 / Published: 14 March 2008 Abstract: Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana Linn, is a tree found in South East Asia, and its pericarps have been used as traditional medicine. Phytochemical studies have shown that they contain a variety of secondary metabolites, such as oxygenated and prenylated xanthones. Recent studies revealed that these xanthones exhibited a variety of biological activities containing anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer effects. We previously investigated the anti-proliferative effects of four prenylated xanthones from the pericarps; α-mangostin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and methoxy-β-mangostin in various human cancer cells. These xanthones are different in the number of hydroxyl and methoxy groups. Except for methoxy-β-mangostin, the other three xanthones strongly in