第三章中尺度模式得动力框架5.pptVIP

第三章 中尺度模式的动力框架 3 垂直坐标 z垂直坐标系 p垂直坐标系 坐标系 σ坐标用于NGM，AVN/MRF，NOGAPS和UKMET，MM5，COAMPS,RAMS 最简单的形式中，σ坐标定义为σ= ， 这里P是模式中预报层的压力，是地球表面气压 坐标系 Eta (η or Step) Vertical Coordinate the code has been upgraded to the Arakawa-style horizontal advection scheme of Janjic (1984), then rewritten to use the eta vertical coordinate (Mesinger et al. 1988), and subsequently, at NCEP, supplied with an advanced physics package (Janjic 1990, Mesinger and Lobocki 1991). It became officially operational at NCEP on 8 June 1993 (Black 1994). 在曾庆存先生的支持和指导下，中国科学院大气物理研究所于1986年开始发展一个能考虑陡峭地形的数值预报模式框架（宇如聪，1989）。 现在为AREM 3.0 Eta (η or Step) Vertical Coordinate η坐标实际是σ坐标的另一种形式，但它以平均海平面气压为底参照面而不是地面气压。 Eta (η or Step) Vertical Coordinate The eta vertical coordinate (Mesinger 1984), resulting in quasi-horizontal coordinate surfaces, and thus prevention of pressure-gradient force （PGF）errors due to steep topography than can occur with terrain-following coordinates;  Isentropic (Theta) Vertical Coordinate (θ垂直坐标) 因为自由大气中流动是等熵的，位温（θ）可以作为一个重要的坐标系。但是，边界层主要为非绝热过程，而且等熵面与地表面交叉。 Hybrid Vertical Coordinates混合垂直坐标 1979年，Uccellini等做出了重大推进，这提出了： 混合等熵–σ垂直坐标系 The hybrid coordinate sytem is a combination of both a theta coordinate system (above the boundary layer) and a sigma coordinate system (below the boundary layer). Critical Evaluation of Coordinate Types 四、一些中尺度模式的介绍 中科院大气物理所的云模式 the fully-compressible fluid system this set of equations contains sound waves, which propagate at much larger speeds than the gravity waves and require a very small time step to insure the numerical stability. In practice, it is almost impossible to adopt such a small time step, even at the research mode of numerical simulations. In order to improve numerical efficiency of the above atmospheric fluid system, Klemp and Wilhelmson (1978) proposed a time-splitting（时间分裂） scheme, which was originally proposed by Marchuk (1974). Klemp and Wilhelmson (1978) proposed a ti