精品天线基本原理.ppt

天線設計簡介 壹、傳輸線 貳、天線設計基本原理 參、天線規格 肆、實驗與驗證課程 壹、傳輸線 根據傳輸線理論，一段無損耗傳輸線，輸入阻抗可表成： ZL Zin Zin = Zo ZL + jZ0tan(βl) Z0 + jZLtan(βl) Z0:特性阻抗 Zin:輸入阻抗 β :相位常數,與訊號波長λ的關係為β = 2п/λ l:傳輸長度 l 波長= 光速 頻率 * √? 介電常數 即λ= C/f*√? 如1KHz的信號在一介電係數為4的電路板上傳播時其波長(λ)為 λ= C/f*√?= 3*108 103 × ?4 = 1.5 × 105 公尺 低頻的訊號波長遠大於傳輸線的長度， l/λ~=0 即βl=0 ，tan(βl)趨近0，故Zin =ZL 故在分析低頻電路時，可以不考慮傳輸線的效應 涉及傳輸線效應，直角傳輸導線會有大的寄生電容 W R 3W a=1.8W 同軸線阻抗 ? Dinner Douter Z0 = 138 √? log Douter Dinner Outer編織線愈疏則造成insertion loss 愈大，相對的編織線愈密其insertion loss 愈小，地網與信號線間的介電常數愈趨近於空氣1，衰減愈小，故使用氮氣發泡是業界常用的方式。 RF Connectors Impedance Z0 = 60lnD/d ? D : 外導體內徑 d : 內導體內徑 ?: 絕緣介電常數 RF Connector的上限頻率 fu = 2c/π(D+d)√ε λ/ 4 Transformers Require Z0 λ/ 4 = √ZinZL L= λ/ 4 Zin = Z0 λ/ 4 ZL + jZ0 λ/ 4 tan(βl) Z0 λ/ 4 + jZLtan(βl) ZL Zin 因βl=(2π/ λ)(λ/4)= π/2 Z0 λ/ 4 = √ZinZL Apply to real loads and sources Perfect match at spot frequency(10%-20% useable bandwidth) Impedance Match Rule 串聯L 並聯電容 並聯L 串聯C 天線設計基本原理 Sleeve Dipole Antenna The current distribution of sleeve antenna is like the dipole antenna 這是目前業界最常見的SLEEVE偶極天線 銅管 λ/ 4約22mm λ= C/f*√?約8.8cm λ/ 4約22mm 實作驗證要不斷嘗試錯誤方有心得 此線長會有影響 Dipole Antenna with Center Driving If the radius of wire, a, is very small, the input impedance of half wavelength dipole is 73 +j 42.5 ohm The shorter the length of dipole, the real part of impedance will be smaller In order to match the 50 ohms coaxial cable, the length of dipole will be less than half wavelength The imaginary part of impedance will be changed form inductance to capacitance for shorter length of dipole The directivity of half wavelength dipole is 2.15 dBi Whip Antenna for AMPS This monopole antenna with higher directivity (5.162 dBi) for length 0.625 wavelength If the length is quarter wavelength, then the directivity is 2.15 dBi 這是常見5dBi的作法 Radiation Pattern with Center Driving The definition of dBi is the antenna gain which compares to that of the isotropic antenna The definition of dBd is the antenna gain which compares to that of t