socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in spain社会经济地位和在西班牙暴露在饮用水消毒副产物.pdfVIP

Castaño-Vinyals et al. Environmental Health 2011, 10:18 /content/10/1/18 RESEARCH Open Access Socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Spain 1,2,3* 4 1,2,3 3,5 6 Gemma Castaño-Vinyals , Kenneth P Cantor , Cristina M Villanueva , Adonina Tardon , Reina Garcia-Closas , 7,8 9 10 4 4 1,2,3,11 Consol Serra , Alfredo Carrato , Núria Malats , Nathaniel Rothman , Debra Silverman , Manolis Kogevinas Abstract Background: Disinfection by-products in drinking water are chemical contaminants that have been associated with cancer and other adverse effects. Exposure occurs from consumption of tap water, inhalation and dermal absorption. Methods: We determined the relationship between socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by- products in 1271 controls from a multicentric bladder cancer case-control study in Spain. Information on lifetime drinking water sources, swimming pool attendance, showering-bathing practices, and socioeconomic status (education, income) was collected through personal interviews. Results: The most highly educated subjects consumed less tap water (57%) and more bottled water (33%) than illiterate subjects (69% and 17% respectively, p-value = 0.003). These differences became wider in recent time periods. The time spent bathing or showering was positively correlated with attained educational level (p 0.001). Swimming pool attendance was more frequent among highly educated subjects compared to the illiterate (odds ratio = 3.4; 95% confidence interval 1.6-7.3). Conclusions