the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among the general and specific populations a systematic review给水管的流行吸烟一般和特定人群系统回顾.pdfVIP

Akl et al. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:244 /1471-2458/11/244 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among the general and specific populations: a systematic review 1,2,3* 1,2 1,4 5 1 1 Elie A Akl , Sameer K Gunukula , Sohaib Aleem , Rawad Obeid , Philippe Abou Jaoude , Roland Honeine and Jihad Irani6 Abstract Background: The objective of this study was to systematically review the medical literature for the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco use among the general and specific populations. Methods: We electronically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the ISI the Web of Science. We selected studies using a two-stage duplicate and independent screening process. We included cohort studies and cross sectional studies assessing the prevalence of use of waterpipe in either the general population or a specific population of interest. Two reviewers used a standardized and pilot tested form to collect data from each eligible study using a duplicate and independent screening process. We stratified the data analysis by country and by age group. The study was not restricted to a specific context. Results: Of a total of 38 studies, only 4 were national surveys; the rest assessed specific populations. The highest prevalence of current waterpipe smoking was among school students across countries: the United States, especially among Arab Americans (12%-15%) the Arabic Gulf region (9%-16%), Estonia (21%), and Lebanon (25%). Similarly, the prevalence of current waterpipe smoking among university students was high in the Arabic Gulf region (6%), the United Kingdom (8%), the United States (10%), Syria (15%), Lebanon (28%), and Pakistan (33%). The prevalence of current waterp