自加自减剖析（Self enhancement and subtraction analysis）.docVIP

自加自减剖析（Self enhancement and subtraction analysis） Often you can see the following question in some discussion groups: who knows what the following C statement will assign to n? M = 1; n = m+++m++; Recently, an unknown friend sent email to me and asked why in a C++ system, the following expressions print out two 4 instead of 4 and 5: A = 4; cout a++ a; Does C++ not specify left join? Is it a mistake in C++s book or is there a problem with the implementation of this system? One of the questions to understand is that when a variable is modified in a program (by assigning, increment / decrement operations, etc.), when can it get new values from that variable? Someone might say, whats the problem?! Ive changed the variables, and then from this variable, of course, the modified values! In fact, things are not so simple. The C/C++ language is an expression based language, and all calculations (including assignments) are done in expressions. X = 1; is the semicolon after the expression x = 1 is added to indicate the end of the statement. To understand the meaning of a program, it is first necessary to understand the meaning of the expression, namely: 1) the computational process determined by the expression; 2) its impact on the environment (which can be considered as all the variables available at that time). If an expression (or a sub expression) calculates only the value without changing the environment, we say that it is reference transparent, and that the expression is early and has no effect on other calculations (without changing the computing environment). Of course, its value may be affected by other calculations. If an expression not only computes a value, but also modifies the environment, it says that the expression has side effects (because it does extra work). A++ is an expression with side effects. These statements also apply to similar problems in other languages. Now the question becomes: if an expression (part) of a C/C++ program has side effects, when can