物理实验总复习（General review of physics experiments）.docVIP

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物理实验总复习（General review of physics experiments）.doc

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物理实验总复习（General review of physics experiments）

物理实验总复习（General review of physics experiments） General review of physics experiments Meter reading I. errors and significant figures 1. error The difference between a measured and a true value is called an error. The error can be divided into two kinds: system error and accidental error. The characteristics of the system error is repeated in the same experiment, the error is always the same partial small or large. The accidental error is sometimes too large, sometimes too small, and too large and too little opportunity for the same. The method of reducing accidental error can be measured several times, and the average value of several measurements is obtained. This average is closer to the real value than the one measured. The method of reducing system error can be improved by experiment principle, device and experiment step. 2. significant figures An approximate figure with an unreliable number is called a valid number. The effective number refers to the approximate number. The only with an unreliable number, not the more the better number. (3) the number of valid digits is called the significant digit. Note: (1) all nonzero numbers are valid numbers (1~9) (2) zero number: for fractional: between non zero digits and after a valid number, such as 1.05M, 1.050m; before the nonzero number is not a valid number, such as 0.015g; for the integer: after a nonzero number is not a valid number, such as 300000km/s. (3) which is not a valid number, 1.5 *, 1.5 * 102G 105kg, 3 * 105km/s, 3 * 108m/s (4) the valid figures are independent of the units An effective number can reflect the accuracy of measurement results and calculation results. For example, 10.5cm 10.50cm 0.10498m Significant digit 345 Suspicious number 508 The minimum ruler is 1cm 1mm 0.1mm Low accuracy All measuring instruments direct measurement results, reading the general requirements in numerical readout instrument in the smallest scale (reliable digital), then down a estimated (not reliable figures), here is