现代语言学的开端——索绪尔（The beginning of modern linguistics -- Saussure）.docVIP

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现代语言学的开端——索绪尔（The beginning of modern linguistics -- Saussure）.doc

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现代语言学的开端——索绪尔（The beginning of modern linguistics -- Saussure）

现代语言学的开端——索绪尔（The beginning of modern linguistics -- Saussure） The beginning of modern linguistics - Saussure I. biography and background The realism, restriction and systematicness of Dirks modern sociology; Freuds psychology; Whitneys language Symbolism, convention, arbitrariness, variability, invariance Two, comparative linguistics 1, it points out that the comparative linguistic school does not specify the nature of its object of study 2, it distinguishes the two methods of comparative linguistics: facing the law and reviewing the law 3, point out that the method of reconstruction is comparative law, and the only purpose of comparison is to rebuild. The purpose of reconstruction is to record research results, not merely to restore a form, but the form of reconstruction helps to look at the whole type of a language and indicates some common linguistic facts. There are three factors for reconstruction: the number of phonemes that distinguish a word; each language has a certain number of phonemes; the quality of the phonemes does not need to be described; it is enough to look at different entities. 4, correct the Schleicher language evolution theory, points out that language is constantly changing, a language does not always belong to a type of language, the same language does not necessarily belong to the same language type. Some languages, such as English and Irish, have become another language type. In the same Indo European languages, the inflection gradually diminished, but Slavic language resisted the change and almost all English inflections disappeared. 5, basically agree with the new grammar schools point of view, change and analogy are two phonemes promote language change. An analogical form is a form created by one or more other forms, by a specific principle. Such as pension - pensionaire, so intervention - interventionaire. And points out that analogy is not language change, but language creation, because the two words can coexist for some time. Analog