生物3)（Biology 3)）.docVIP

生物3)（Biology 3)） Chapter 1 discovery of genetic factors: Section 1 Mendel pea hybridization test (I) 1. concepts and analysis in genetics (1) traits: morphological characteristics and physiological characteristics exhibited by organisms. Relative traits: the different types of expression of a biological trait. Examples: Rabbits long hair and short hair; human curls and straight hair. Trait segregation: the simultaneous occurrence of dominant and recessive characters in hybrid offspring. For example, in the DD * DD hybridization experiment, the F2 generation formed by selfing of heterozygous F1 progeny at the same time appeared dominant characters (DD and Dd) and recessive traits (DD). Dominant traits: in DD * DD hybridization test, F1 showed traits; for example, F1 generation pea showed high stem, i.e. high stem was dominant. A dominant genetic factor (gene) that determines a dominant trait; expressed in uppercase letters. For example, tall stems are represented by D. Recessive characters: in the DD * DD hybridization test, F1 did not show the characters; for example, the F1 generation pea did not show short stems, that is, short stems were recessive. Recessive genes that determine recessive traits, expressed in lower case letters, such as short stems, expressed in D. (2) homozygous: genetic factors (genes) make up the same individuals. Such as DD or DD. Its characteristic homozygote is the selfing offspring, all homozygous, the asexual separation phenomenon. Heterozygous: genetic factors (genes) that make up different individuals. Such as Dd. It is characterized by the separation of characters in heterozygous progenies. (3) hybridization: genetic factors that constitute the intersection of different individuals. Such as: DD * DD, Dd * DD, DD * Dd, etc.. The intersection of genetic elements that constitute the same individual. Such as: DD * DD, Dd * Dd and so on Test Cross: F1 (individuals to be tested) and recessive homozygote hybridization. Such as: Dd * DD 2. com