国际贸易chapter2资料.pptVIP

作业 加拿大和法国达到资源利用最大化时所能生产的最大产量的铝和铁的数量如下表所示： 加拿大 法国 铁（吨） 500 1200 铝（吨） 1500 800 假定两国机会成本均不变，请画出两国的生产可能性边界（铝产量在横坐标，铁在纵坐标）。自给自足时，假定加拿大生产和消费600吨铝和300吨铁，法国生产和消费400吨铝和600吨铁。请在图上画出两国自给自足时的均衡点。 （1）分别计算两国铝的机会成本。根据比较利益理论，两国应该如何分工，分工后两国产量有何变化？ （2）如果两国存在贸易，贸易条件（两国交换率）的范围多少？假定500吨铁交换500吨铝，加拿大是否获利？法国呢？两国各获利多少？ * Chapter Two Early Theories of International Trade Historical development of classical trade theories: Mercantilism Regulation to ensure a positive trade balance Critics: possible only for short term Absolute advantage (Adam Smith) Countries benefit from exporting what they make cheaper than anyone else But: nations without absolute advantage do not gain from trade Comparative advantage (David Ricardo) Nations can gain from specialization, even if they lack an absolute advantage 2.1 Mercantilism Existed in Europe from 1500 to 1800.（欧洲资本主义原始积累时期） Gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. It was in a countrys best interests to maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it imported. Imports were limited by tariffs and quotas, and exports were subsidized. 工厂手工业 地理大发现 商品货币经济迅速发展 社会财富重心由土地转向金银货币 资本主义原始 积累时期 2.1 Mercantilism The English mercantilist Thomas Mun wrote in 1630: The ordinary means therefore to increase our wealth and treasure is by foreign trade, wherein we must ever observe this rule: to sell more to strangers yearly than we consume of theirs in value. 2.1 Mercantilism 恩格斯曾形象地形容：这个时期的重商主义者就 像守财奴一样，双手抱住他的钱袋，用嫉妒和猜疑 的目光打量着他的邻居。 ——《马克思恩格斯全集》第一卷 The Challenge to Mercantilism David Hume(大卫.休谟) in 1752 : the price-specie-flow mechanism (价格-货币-流转机制) Summary of the Price-Specie-Flow Mechanism Exports Imports ExportsImports Step1 Net inflow of specie Net outflow of specie Step2 Increase in the money supply Decrease in the money supply Step3 Increase in prices and wages Decrease in prices and wages Step4 Increa