活动星系.pdf

第八章活动星系 (Chapter 25) §8.1 活动星系与活动星系核 §8.2 引力透镜和视超光速运动 §8.3 活动星系核的理论模型 §8.1 活动星系与活动星系核 1. Signs of activity 绝大部分星系是正常星系，但也有部分星系表 现出强烈的活动性，称为活动星系(active galaxies)。在观测上分为下面几种： Radio galaxies 射电星系 Seyfert galaxies 赛弗特星系 BL Lac objects 蝎虎天体 Quasars 类星体 (1) High overall luminosities X-ray Optical Radio luminosity luminosity luminosity Milky Way 1 1 1 Radio galaxies 100-5,000 2 2,000-2 ×106 4 20-2 ×106 Seyfert galaxies 300-7 ×10 2 Quasars (3C 273) 2.5 ×106 250 6 ×106 Bright extragalactic radio sources Normal galaxies Optical Quasar PKS 1127-145 X-ray (2) Non-thermal radiation Normal galaxies Black body radiation with peak energy at optical wavelength Radiation mainly comes from stars inside galaxies. Active galaxies non-stellar radiation thermal (infrared) radiation + non-thermal radiation, with peak energy at far-infrared wavelength. Synchrotron Radiation 同步加速辐射 Continuum radiation from high-speed charged particles, such as electrons, as they are accelerated in a strong magnetic field. 2 2 2 Radiation power ~ γB β, where β= v/c, 2 -1/2 γ= (1- β) . Beamed radiation along the particle’s motion with half-opening angle α≈1/ γ. Power-law spectrum (3) Unusual structure Bright nucleus, jets and irregular appearance (4) High, rapid variability Variability timescale: several days to one year →the size of th