Chap生活费用的衡量PPT.ppt

Measuring the Cost of Living生活费用的衡量 Chapter 24 Measuring the Cost of Living生活费用的衡量 Inflation refers to a situation in which the economy’s overall price level is rising. 通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平上升的情况。 The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period. 通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百分比。 The Consumer Price Index The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer(普通消费者). The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports the CPI each month. It is used to monitor changes in the cost of living over time. 消费物价指数 消费物价指数 (CPI)是普通消费者所购买的物品与劳务的总费用的衡量标准。 劳工部的一个部门劳工统计局每月都计算并公布消费物价指数。 它被用来监测生活费用随着时间的变化情况。 如何计算消费物价指数 固定篮子: 确定哪些物价对普通消费者是最重要的。 劳工统计局(BLS)通过消费者调查并找出普通消费者购买的一篮子物品与劳务。 劳工统计局每月对消费者进行调查来确定对这些物品与劳务价格的权数。 FYI: 在CPI的篮子中有些什么? How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated Choose a Base Year and Compute the Index: Designate one year as the base year, making it the benchmark against which other years are compared. 如何计算消费物价指数 选择基年并计算指数: 指定一年为基年，即其他各年与之比较的基准。 每年一篮子物品与劳务的价格除以基年一篮子物品与劳务的价格，然后把这个比率乘以100，所得出的数字就是消费物价指数。 The Inflation Rate 通货膨胀率 The inflation rate is calculated as follows: 通货膨胀率计算如下： Problems in Measuring The Cost of Living衡量生活费用中的问题 The CPI is an accurate measure of the selected goods that make up the typical bundle, but it is not a perfect measure of the cost of living. CPI是所选择的构成消费篮子的物品的准确衡量，但它并不是生活费用的完美衡量指标。 Problems in Measuring The Cost of Living衡量生活费用中的问题 Substitution bias 替代倾向 Introduction of new goods 新产品的引进 Unmeasured quality changes 无法衡量的质量变动 衡量生活费用中的问题 替代倾向、新产品的引进和无法衡量的质量变动导致CPI高估了实际的生活费用。 这个问题之所以重要，是因为许多政府计划是用消费物价指数来调整物价总水平的变动的。 CPI每年高估了1％左右的通货膨胀率。 The GDP Deflator versus the Consumer Price Index GDP平减指数与消费物价指数 The BLS calculates other prices indexes: 劳工统计局还计算其他价格指数： The index for different regions within the country. 美国不同地区的价格指数。 The producer price index, which measures the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms rather than co