如何设计一个好的水印.pdf

How to Design a Good Digital Watermark? Multimedia Security • The watermark should be placed on the most perceptually significant components of an image (Psychovisual Effect) – Against lossy data compression • The watermark should resemble the image it is designed to protect – Any operation that is intentionally performed to damage the watermark will also damage the image 2 • The frequency domain of the image or sound is viewed as a Communication Channel, and correspondingly, the Watermark is viewed as a Signal that is transmitted through it. • Attacks and unintentional signal distortions are treated as Noise that immersed signal must be immune to. Noise: Attacks/Distortions Watermark Transform Domain: Watermarked output Channel 3 Information Theoretic Point of View – Reliable communication – x : one element of a watermark vector of length N i – ni : an element of a noise vector due to image processing operation – yi : an element of a watermark distorted by noise ni 4 Assumptions – The noise is additive, white, stationary and Gaussian – The n are uncorrelated i 1 ⎡ (y −x )2 ⎤ p (y |x ) p (n ) exp − i i i i i 2πσ2 ⎢⎣ 2σ2 ⎦⎥ N p (y ,y ,...,y ,|x ,x ,...,x ) ∏p (y |x ) 1 2 n 1 2 n 1 1 i 1