电炉炼钢课与件.ppt

炼钢任务——工序功能的演变与分工 * Introduction——Guo The steel-making processes in open hearth furnace satisfactorily for the production of plain carbon and some low-alloy steels, but are not readily adapted for the manufacture of steels containing large amounts of elements which form oxides more stable than iron. This is because the temperature of the molten metal is maintained or increased either by combustion of a gaseous fuel above the metal bath. * Introduction——Guo Consequently the conditions within the furnace are always oxidizing with respect to iron and any element forming an oxide more stable than FeO. Small additions of these elements can be made to below the minimum practical pouring temperature. * Introduction——Guo Time is required for the additions to melt and become distributed homogeneously throughout the metal, but even in the absence of turbulence in a deoxidized bath, oxygen is transferred continuously to the metal, thus it is difficult to predict and the loss of expensive elements into the slag markedly increases the metal cost. * Introduction——Guo In the first quarter of last century two steel-making processes were introduced which use electricity as the prime source of heat, high-frequency induction heating and electric-arc furnace process. * Introduction——Guo This avoids the necessity of maintaining oxidizing conditions throughout the heat and, with suitable control, the oxygen potential of the slag-metal system can be made sufficiently reducing to retain most of the readily oxidized alloy elements in the metal. * Introduction——Guo The risk of contamination of the metal from the waste products of combustion is also avoided. These processes rapidly become established as the primary means of producing medium-and high-alloy, stainless and tool steels. * Introduction——Guo The electric-arc furnace process was first used extensively for the production of alloy steels during the 1914-1918 war, but the high cost of electricity, relative to other fuels, and t