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Chapter 6 Sampling and Inference Sampling and Inference (抽样推断） Point Estimation and Interval Estimation（点估计与区间估计） Sampling Methods（抽样调查方法） Determining the Sample size （确定样本容量） 6.1. Sampling and Inference 6.1.1 Sampling and Inference The purpose of statistical inference is to develop estimates and test hypotheses about the characteristics of a population using information contained in a sample.统计推断的目的是利用样本信息建立对总体性质的估计和检验对总体性质的假设。 抽样推断概念：是在抽样调查的基础上，利用样本的实际资料计算样本指标，并据此推断总体相应数量特征的一种统计分析方法. 重复抽样　(sampling with replacement,　　　　　　　　放回抽样) 不重复抽样(sampling without replacement，　　　　　无放回抽样) 抽样推断特点：总体的各单位都有一个指定的概率被抽取 调查单位的选取必须按照随机原则进行 从数量上推断总体，并可控制抽样误差的大小 采用概率估算的方法 抽样推断作用：可以解决全面调查无法或难以处理的问题 可以检查、修正和补充全面调查的结果 可以应用于生产过程中的质量控制 可以应用于假设检验 6.1.2　Terminology ?population and sample 全及总体（N）、样本总体（n） ?population mean and sample mean 总体平均数（）、样本平均数（） ?population proportion and sample proportion 总体成数（P）、样本成数（p） ?population variance and sample variance 总体方差()、样本方差(S2) A tire manufacturer developed a new tire designed to provide an increase in mileage over the firm’s current line of tires. To estimate the mean number of miles provided by the new tires, the manufacturer selected a sample of 120 new tires for testing. The test results provided a sample mean of 36,500 miles. Hence, an estimate of the mean tire mileage for the population of new tires was 36,500 miles.某轮胎制造商开发了一种新型轮胎，它的设计里程数超过了公司目前的轮胎产品．为了估计新轮胎的平均里程数，制造商选取了一个包括120条新轮胎的样本进行检测。检测结果显示样本均值为36500英里。于是，新轮胎总体平均里程数的估计值为36500英里。Members of a political party were considering supporting a particular candidate for election to the U.S. Senate, and party leaders wanted an estimate of the proportion of registered voters favoring the candidate. The time and cost associated with contacting every individual in the population of registered voters were prohibitive. Hence, a sample of 400 registered voters was selected and 160 of the 400 voters indicated a preference for the candidate. An estimate of the proportion of t