蛋白质翻译后加工及转运.PPT

contents 10.1 翻译后加工 10.2 翻译后的定向与分拣 10.1 翻译后加工 1蛋白质的自我折叠 Self-assembly refers to the ability of a protein (or of a complex of proteins) to form its final structure without the intervention of any additional components (such as chaperones). Eg：核糖核酸酶 蛋白质翻译后折叠成有活性的形式：不必借助于其他蛋白质的帮助，自身就能完成。 2蛋白质的折叠有时需要有分子伴侣（Chaperone） 受热激蛋白70（Hsp70）帮助的折叠 受hsp70和伴侣蛋白复合物帮助的折叠 2.1受热激蛋白70（Hsp70）帮助的折叠 合成蛋白质的两个场所 共翻译途径（ ER-Golgi途径） 那些在粗面内质网（表面聚集着大量的核糖体）上合成的蛋白质，通过内质网信号序列的指引进入内质网，进入后信号序列被切除→然后再进入高尔基体→以vesicle（囊泡）的形式，转运到溶酶体、内含体或转运到细胞膜上→ 分泌到胞外。 （蛋白质正在核糖体上合成时就能与转运（易位）装置结合。） 信号序列 经共翻译途经的蛋白质的序号序列：存在于N端，一般含有20个氨基酸残基，中间由12~14个疏水性氨基酸残基组成的疏水片段，前段为带正电荷的碱性氨基酸残基，末端则是富含Ala(丙氨酸)的片段。 蛋白质如何由核糖体到内质网？ 1 核糖体小亚基识别5’帽子，扫描，直到识别起始密码子，结合大亚基，形成完整的核糖体，开始蛋白质合成； 2 N端信号序列首先合成； 3 SRP与初生的肽链中的信号序列结合，使翻译暂停；SRP与SRP受体结合，而两者的结合可使核糖体与ER膜上的核糖体受体结合，使得核糖体结合到ER膜上。 4 通过GTP水解供能，SRP与受体解离； 5 水解后的SRP可循环利用； 共翻译转运时蛋白质进入ER还需要其他组分 Translocation requires the translocon(易位子), SRP, SRP receptor, Sec61, TRAM, and signal peptidase. Sec61：as forming the channel and also as interacting with the ribosome. The initial targeting is made when the SRP recognizes the signal sequence. The SRP binds to the SRP receptor, and the signal sequence is transferred to the translocon. When the signal sequence enters the translocon, the ribosome attaches to Sec61, forming a seal so that the pore is not exposed to the cytosol. The general principle governing protein transport into mitochondria and chloroplasts therefore is that the N-terminal part of the leader targets a protein to the organelle matrix, and an additional sequence (within the leader) is needed to localize the protein at the outer membrane, intermembrane space, or inner membrane. 线粒体蛋白的定位 The leader sequence of yeast cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV consists of 25 neutral and basic amino acids. The first 12 amino acids are sufficient to transport any attached polypeptide into the mitochondrial matrix.（酵母细胞色素c氧化酶亚基IV由25个中性及碱性氨基酸构成。其头12个氨基酸就足以指导与之相连的多肽转运至线粒体基质中。） 分层次的信号独立起作用 Mitochondria have recept