关节学总论中轴骨连结.pptVIP

Section 1 The general description The bones are connected together by means of fibrous connective tissue,cartilaginous 软骨 or osseous 骨tissues at different parts of their surfaces,and such a connection are called the joint or articulation.The joints are functional junctions between bones,they can be classified into two main types according to their junction form viz., Continuous joints 直接连结and Discontinuous joints 间接连结. 一、Continuous joints直接连结 （一）Fibrous joints纤维连结 Bones are united by fibrous connective tissue. Syndesmosis 韧带连结 Suture 缝 二、Discontinuous joints间接连结 Articulation or Synovial joints （一）Basic structures 1. Articular surface关节面: covered by articular cartilage. 2. Articular capsule关节囊 Fibrous membrane Synovial membrane 3. Articular cavity关节腔: containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it . (二)Accessory structures 1. Ligaments韧带: extra- and intracapsular ligaments 2. Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum关节唇 3. Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊 (三）Movements of joints关节运动 1. Translation移动 2. Flexion and extension屈和伸 3. Adduction and abduction收和展 4. Rotation旋转 Medial and lateral rotation旋内和旋外 Pronation and supination旋前和旋后 Inversion and eversion足内翻和足外翻 5. Circumduction环转 (四) Classification of synovial joints 关节的分类(自学） Uniaxial joints 单轴关节 Biaxial joints 双轴关节 Multiaxial joints 多轴关节 一、Articulations of Bones of Trunk 躯干骨的连结 Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结 Intervertebral discs椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: Nucleus pulposus髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure. Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage. Hemination of nucleus pulposus  髓核脱出 Anterior longitudinal ligament  前纵韧带 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column. Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带 Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebr