物理化学(finished).pptVIP

规定在0K时完整晶体的熵值为零，从0K到温度T进行积分，这样求得的熵值称为规定熵。若0K到T之间有相变，则积分不连续。 已知 规定熵值(conventional entropy) 以 为纵坐标，T为横坐标，求某物质在40K时的熵值。 如图所示： 阴影下的面积，就是所要求的该物质的规定熵。 用积分法求熵值（1） 图中阴影下的面积加上两个相变熵即为所求的熵值。 如果要求某物质在沸点以上某温度T时的熵变，则积分不连续，要加上在熔点（Tf）和沸点（Tb）时的相应熵，其积分公式可表示为： 用积分法求熵值（2） 规定熵值(conventional entropy) 如果以S为纵坐标，T为横坐标，所求得的熵值等于S-T图上阴影下的面积再加上两个相变时的熵变。 用积分法求熵值（2） 规定熵值(conventional entropy) RUDOLF JULIUS EMMANUEL CLAUSIUS (1822-1888) German mathematical physicist,is perhaps best known for the statement of the second law of thermodynamics in the form “Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.”which he presented to the Berlin Academy in 1805.He also made fundamental contributions to the field of the knietic theory of gases and anticipated Arrhenius by suggesting that molecules in electrolytes continually exchange atoms. RUDOLF JULIUS EMMANUEL CLAUSIUS WILLIAM THOMSON,Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) Irish-born British physicist,proposed his absolute scale of temperature,which is independent of the thermometric substance in 1848.In one of his earliest papers dealing with heat conduction of the earth,Thomson showed that about 100 million years ago, the physical condition of the earth must have been quite different from that of today.He did fundamental work in telegraphy , and navigation.For his services in trans-Atlantic telegraphy,Thomson was raised to the peerage,with the title Baron Kelvin of Larg.There was no heir to the title,and it is now extinct. WILLIAM THOMSON,Lord Kelvin NICOLAS LEONHARD SADI CARNOT (1796-1832) a French military engineer.His only published work was Reflexions Sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les Machines Propres a Developer catte Puissance (1824),in which he discussed the conversion of heat into work and laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics. He was the scion of a distinguished French family that was very active in political and military affairs. His nephew, Marie Francois Sadi Carnot (1837-1894),was the fourth pr