环境经济学初步.pptVIP

Fundamentals of  Environmental Economics Weiqi CHEN （陈伟琪） the Canadian Rockies WILLINGNESS TO PAY people can consume fractions of items in addition to integer values ------a smoothly shaped willingness-to-pay curve　　 These numbers depict a fundamental relationship of economics: the notion of diminishing willingness to pay. As the number of units consumed increases, the willingness to pay for additional units of that good normally goes down. ▲ Exceptional circumstances stamp drug addict reputed commodity Marginal（边际）is thus a word that describes the additional willingness to pay of a person for one more unit. we need to make a distinction between total and marginal If the person has two units of the good, he want to pay $17 for a third unit ------ the marginal willingness to pay for the third unit the total willingness to pay for a given consumption level at a level of three units------ the total willingness to pay is $8l ( $38 for the first + $26 for the second + $l7 for the third ) ▲ a+b Demand There is another way of looking at these marginal willingness-to-pay relationships. ------ demand curves An individual demand curve shows the quantity of a good or service that the individual in question would demand at any particular price. 需求即有支付能力的需要 marginal willingness to pay / demand curve For example, suppose a person whose marginal willingness to pay / demand curve is shown in bottom part of Figure l is able to purchase this item at a unit price of $l7. The quantity he would demand at this price is three units. An individuals demand / marginal willingness-to-pay curve for a good or service is a way of summarizing their personal consumption attitudes and capabilities for that good. tastes preferences Incomes Fig.2 Typical Demand / Marginal Willingness-to-Pay Curves tastes / preferences depend on a lot of factors : psychological an