DataCommunicationsandNetworking讲义ch.pptVIP

Examples of Operations (a,b,c) Examples of Operations (d,e) Example 2 What is the utilization percentage of the link in Example 1 if the link uses Go-Back-N ARQ with a 15-frame window? Solution The bit rate-delay product is still 20,000. The system can send up to 15 frames or 15,000 bits during a round trip. This means the utilization is 15,000/20,000, or 75 %. ( U = wLf/B = wLf/(R ? 2tp )= w · tf / 2tp ) 修改 Example 2 t S D 2tp t S D 2tp tf tf + 2tp U = wtf/(tf+2tp)= 15 ms/(1+20)ms = 71.4 %. 问题：未考虑到ACK须在整个帧收到后才可发出 t S D 2tp wtf wtf + 2tp U = wtf/(wtf+2tp)= 15ms/(15+20)ms = 42.8 %. wtf 11.5 HDLC Configurations and Transfer Modes NRM (normal response mode) ABM (asynchronous balance mode) Point-to-point HDLC frame format Flag field: (next page) FCS field: 16-CRC, 32-CRC Bit stuffing at sender Removing of bit stuffing at receiver 15 =15 共7~14个“1” Address field: always contains the address of the secondary station If a primary station sends a frame, the field contains the “destination” address If a secondary station sends a frame, the field contains the “source” address Address extension: HDLC frame types I-frame Data to be transmitted Positive Acknowledgement piggybacked on information frames S-frame S指令 (2bit)（实现差错控制、流量控制）： S = 0 0 ：RR（接收就绪）—— 本站确认序号小于N(R) 的所有 I 帧; 已准备好接收下一帧,期望接收的帧序号为N(R)。 S = 1 0 ：RNR（接收未就绪）—— 本站确认序号小于N(R) 的所有 I 帧; 期望接收的帧序号为N(R)，尚未准备好接收。 S = 0 1 ：REJ（拒绝接收）—— 本站确认序号小于N(R) 的所有 I 帧; 要求重发第N(R) 帧以及之后的已发帧。 S = 1 1 ：SREJ（选择拒绝接收）—— 本站确认序号小于N(R) 的所有 I 帧，要求重发第N(R) 帧。 U-frame U-frame control command and response Frame reject FRMR R Frame test TEST C/R Request initialization mode RIM R Set initialization mode SIM C Reset RSET C Exchange ID XID C/R Unnumbered information UI C/R Unnumbered acknowledgment UA R Request disconnect RD R Disconnect DISC C Disconnect mode DM R Unnumbered po