【精选】2015北京林业大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练.pdfVIP

中国考博辅导首选学校 2015北京林业大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练 Theuseofheatpumpshasbeenheldback largelyby skepticismabout advertisers’claimsthatheat pumps canprovide asmany as twounits of thermal energy for eac unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation. Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows throug a heat exchanger called the condenser, whic transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction whic causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes throug a secondheat exchanger,theevaporator,whic transfersheat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this secondbody ofair.Of thetwoheat exchangers,one islocatedinside, and the other one outside the house, so eac is in contact wit a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively The flow direction of refrigerant throug a heat pump is controlledbyvalves.When therefrigerant flow isreversed, theheat exchangers switc function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air. 中国考博辅导首选学校 Now, ifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmore thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation. Unfortunately there isone real problem.