专业英语-2010年秋lecture3.pptVIP

At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristic. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the need of our modern and complex society. Materials scientists are interested in physical and chemical phenomena acting across large magnitudes of space and time scales. In this regard it differs from physics or chemistry where the emphasis is more on explaining the properties of pure substances. In materials science there is also an emphasis on developing and using knowledge to understand how the properties of materials can be controllably designed by varying the compositions, structures, and the way in which the bulk and surfaces phase materials are processed. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation: index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials. * * Lecture 3 Materials Science and Engineering 材料科学与工程 3.1 New words and expressions pottery n. 陶瓷 by virtue of 依靠（……力量），凭借，由于，因为 empower vt. 授权，准许；使能够 empower sb. to do sth. 授权某人做某事 forerunner n. 先驱（者），传令官，预兆 stepwise a. 逐步地，分阶段地 interdisciplinary a. 交叉学科的 metallurgy n. 冶金学 3.1 New words and expressions nebulous a. 星云的，云雾状的，模