中英文翻译 (2).doc

Bridge design and construction Plan: The first step leading to the construction of a modern major bridge is a comprehensive study to determine whether a bridge is needed. If it is to be a highway bridge in the United States for example a planning study is initiated by a state bridge authority possible in cooperation with local governments or the federal government. Studies are made to estimate the amount of bridge traffic the relief of jammed traffic in nearby highway networks the effects on the regional economy and the cost of the bridge. The means for financing the project such as public taxes or sale of revenue bonds repaid by toll charges are considered. If the studying lead to a decision to go ahead with the project the land needed for the bridge and its approaches is acquired at the selected site. At the point field engineering work is started. Accurate land surveys are made. Tides flood conditions currents and other characteristics of the waterway are carefully studied. Boring samples of soil and rock are taken at possible foundation locations both on land and under the water. Selection of bridge design: The chief factors in deciding whether a bridge will be built as a girder cantilever truss arch suspension or some other type are;(1)location for example across a river;(2)purposes for example a bridge for carrying motor vehicles;(3)span length;(4)strength of available materials;(5)cost;(6)beauty and harmony with the location. Bridge Type Best Span Range Feet Meters Girder Rigid Frame Arch Truss Cantilever Suspension 20 to 1000 80 to 300 200 to 1000 200 to 1400 500 to 1800 1000 to 5000 6.1 to 304.8 24.4 to 91.4 61.0 to 304.8 61.0 to 426.7 152.4 to 548.6 304.8 to 1524.0 Each type of bridge is most effective and economical only within a certain range of span lengths, as shown in the following table: As indicated in the table there is a considerable overlap in the range of applicability of the various types. In the some cases alternative preliminary des