材料物理性能热学.pptVIP

Prof. Xiaoqin Yan xqyan@mater.ustb.edu.cn 2012.08 Contents Optical Properties Electrical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetic Properties Other Properties of Materials (For Self-Study) Electrical Properties： Thermoelectric, Pyroelectric and Magnetoelectric Property (热电、热释电、磁电性能) Magnetic Properties： Magnetostriction and Magnetoresistance (磁致伸缩、磁电阻) Optical Properties: Electrooptic, Photoelectric and Magnetooptic Property (电光、光电、磁光性能) Acoustic?Properties:? Propagation, Absorption and Electroacoustic Property (声音的传播、吸收、电声性能) Elasticity: Anelasticity and Internal Friction (滞弹性与内耗) 3. Thermal Properties 3.1 HEAT CAPACITY Heat capacity (热容) C: ratio of energy change (energy gained or lost) and the resulting temperature change. C = dQ/dT (3.1) Specific heat (比热) c: the heat capacity per unit mass. Cv: maintaining the specimen volume constant. Cp: constant external pressure. Vibrational Heat Capacity The vibrations may be thought of as elastic waves or sound waves, having short wavelengths and very high frequencies, which propagate through the crystal at the velocity of sound. Only certain energy values are allowed (to be quantized), and a single quantum of vibrational energy is called a phonon (声子). Lattice waves in a crystal by means of atomic vibrations Temperature Dependence of the Heat Capacity Dependence of heat capacity (at constant volume) on temperature, at low temperatures (near 0 K): Cv = AT3 (3.2) Above the Debye temperature (德拜温度, θD): Cv ≈ 3R (R is the gas constant). The temperature dependence of the heat capacity at constant volume Other Heat Capacity Contributions Electrons absorb energy by increasing their kinetic (for example, free electrons excited from filled states to empty states above the Fermi energy). Energy-absorptive processes occur at specific temperatures (for example, the randomization of electron spins