大学语言与文化期末复习资料总结.doc

语言与文化 第一章 1.Culture: it is human specific and also a social, national and historical phenomenon, which contains several subcultures. It refers to the total pattern of human knowledge ,beliefs ,and behavors,customs,institutions that depends on the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning, what’s more,it consists of all shared products of human society,such as attitudes ,values,goals,and practices and so forth. It is also an excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities. 2.Language: language is systematic(系统的), arbitrary（任意的）, symbolic（符号的）,vocal and uniquely human, and is regarded as a keystone of culture. As a carrier and container of culture, it is infulenced and shaped by and also exerts its influence on culture.Language contains their historical and cultural background and approach to life and their way of living and thinking. 3.Major deferences between C and W culture: Western culture is based on individulism whileas Chinese culture focus on collectivism. Individulism emphasizes oppositions between man and nature,democracy, liberty ,independent and human rights,but collectivism emphasizes harmony between man and nature, obligation and resposibilies, and think highly of “family” Western culture is adventurous and exploraton based. They like taking risks and discovering new things while Chinese culture is conservative and traditional based,they like carring on the good traditional ways to shape their life. In attemping to solve people and nature’s relationship,Western culture is based on science,they see man and the world seperate and aim at conquering nature,so change is considered progress, while Chinese culture is based on humanism and people, they think man is a part of nature and aim to keep harmonious relationship with nature,so satbility is highly valued. Moreover, they attempt to fuse the human and “heaven ”as one.(天人合一) In resolving people and people’s relationship, Western culture use law while Chinese culture use ethics and tolerance. To