文献翻译-英文.doc

Subsoils and Foundation Loadings in buildings consist of the combined dead and imposed loads which exert a downward pressure upon the soil on which the structure is founded and this in turn promotes a reactive force in the form of an upward pressure from the soil. The structure is in effect sandwiched between these opposite pressures and the design of the building must be able to resist the resultant stresses set up within the structural members and the general building fabric. The supporting subsoil must be able to develop sufficient reactive force to five stability to the structure to prevent failure due to unequal settlement and to prevent failure of the subsoil due to shear. To enable a designer to select, design and detail a suitable foundation he must have adequate data regarding the nature of the soil on which the structure will be founded and this is normally obtained froma planned soil investigation programme. Soil investigation. Soil investigation is specific in its requirements whereas site investigation is all embracing, taking into account such factor as topography, location of existing services, means of access and any local restrictions. Soil investigation is a means of obtaining data regarding the properties and characteristics of subsoils by providing samples for testing or providing a means of access for visual inspection. The actual data required and the amount of capital which can be reasonably expended on any soil investigation programme will depend upon the type of structure proposed and how much previous knowledge the designer has of a particular region or site. The main methods of soil investigation can be enumerated as follows: 1. Trial pits – small contracts where foundation depths are not likely to exceed 3 m. 2. Boreholes – medium to large contracts with foundations up to 30 m deep. Classification of soils. Soils may be classified by any of the following methods : 1. Physical properties; 2. Geological origin; 3. Chemical composition; 4.Pa