汽车电力电子技术与发动机驱动手册-DK3023_06.pdfVIP

PART II Automotive Semiconductor Devices, Components, and Sensors © 2005 by Taylor Francis Group, LLC 6 Automotive Power Semiconductor Devices Zheng John Shen University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 6.1 INTRODUCTION Power electronics plays an increasingly important role in improving vehicle performance, fuel economy, emission, safety, and comfort. Power semiconductor devices are widely used in automotive power electronic systems, and often dictate the efficiency, cost, and size of these systems. Active power semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs and IGBTs serve as load drivers for motors (ranging from 75 kW AC traction motors to 1W DC motors), solenoids, ignition coils, relays, heaters, lamps, and other automotive loads. Diodes are used in automotive systems to rectify AC current generated by the alternator, provide freewheeling current path for IGBTs or MOSFETs in DC/AC inverters and DC/DC converters, and suppress voltage transients. An average vehicle nowadays has over 50 actuators, which are often controlled by power MOSFETs or other power semiconductor devices. It was estimated that the power semiconductor content was around $100 to $200 in a mid-range conventional passenger vehicle in 2000. The power semiconductor contents may increase by three- to fivefold in an electric or hybrid vehicle. Despite the wide variety of applications, the use of power semiconductor devices in automotive systems can be classified into three basic configurations: the low-side switch- ing, the high-side switching, and the half-bridge switching, as shown in Figure 6.1. In the low-side switching configuration, the power switch is located between the load and the negative terminal of the battery and controls energy flow by opening or closing the power return path. Note that the negative terminal of the battery, usually connected to the vehicle chassis, form