4、prestressed concrete.doc

Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension: its tensile strength varies from 8 to 14 percent of its compressive strength. Due to such a low tensile capacity, flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading. In order to reduce or prevent such cracks from developing, a concentric or eccentric force is imposed in the longitudinal direction of the structural element. This force prevents the cracks from developing by eliminating or considerably reducing the tensile stresses at the critical midspan and support sections at service load, thereby raising the bending, shear, and torsional capacities of the sections.The sections are then able to behave elastically, and almost the full capacity of the concrete in compression can be efficiently utilized across the entire depth of the concrete sections when all loads act on the structure. 混凝土的抗压性能强而抗拉性能弱:它的抗拉强度仅 仅是它抗压强度的8%-14%不等.鉴于它这么低的抗 拉承载力,挠曲裂缝就会出现在在荷载作用的初期. 为了减小或阻止这种裂缝的开展,在结构杆件纵向施 加一个轴心或偏心的压力.这个力(预应力)通过消除 或大大减少在工况荷载下,跨中或支座的控制截面处 产生的拉应力,阻止了(该处)裂缝的开展,因此提高了 该截面的(抵抗)弯曲,剪切和扭转的承载能力.然后,这 个截面(特性)表现为弹性,并且,当所有荷载作用在结 构上时,混凝土截面的全部深度(全截面)受压,这样有 效的利用了混凝土全部的抗压性能. Such an imposed longitudinal force is called a prestressing force, i.e., a compressive force that prestresses the sections along the span of the structural element prior to the application of the transverse gravity dead and live loads or transient horizontal live loads. The type of prestressing force involved, together with its magnitude, are determined mainly on the basis of the type of system to be constructed and the span length and slenderness desired. Since the prestressing force is applied longitudinally along or parallel to the axis of the member, the prestressing principle involved is commonly known as linear prestressing. 这样施加的一个纵向力叫做预应力,也就是说, 在横(竖)向重力恒载和活载或短暂的水平活载 (风,地震)作用之前,给沿结构杆件跨度方向的 截面预加的应力,这样一个压缩力.相关的预应 力的形式,包括它的大小,主要取决于被修建结 构物的形式,杆件跨度,和想要得到的长细比. 因为这个预应力是被应用到纵向或者平行于 杆件的轴向,所以这个相关的预应力原理被普 遍的称为长线预加应力法. Circular prestressing, Used in liquid containment