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Strapdown System Computational Elements
Paul G. Savage
Strapdown Associates, Inc.
Maple Plain, Minnesota 55359 USA
ABSTRACT
This paper provides an overview of the primary strapdown inertial system computational elements and
their interrelationship. Using an aircraft type strapdown inertial navigation system as a representative
example, the paper provides differential equations for attitude, velocity, position determination, associated
integral solution functions, and representative algorithms for system computer implementation. For the
inertial sensor errors, angular rate sensor and accelerometer analytical models are presented including
associated compensation algorithms for correction in the system computer. Sensor compensation
techniques are discussed for coning, sculling, scrolling computation algorithms and for accelerometer output
adjustment for physical size effect separation and anisoinertia error. Navigation error parameters are
described and related to errors in the system computed attitude, velocity, position solutions. Differential
equations for the navigation error parameters are presented showing error parameter propagation in response
to residual inertial sensor errors (following sensor compensation) and to errors in the gravity model used in
the system computer.
COORDINATE FRAMES
As used in this paper, a coordinate frame is an analytical abstraction defined by three mutually
perpendicular unit vectors. A coordinate frame can be visualized as a set of three perpendicular lines (axes)
passing through a common point (origin) with the unit vectors emanating from the origin along the axes. In
this paper, the physical position of each coordinate frame’s origin is arbitrary. The principal coordinate
f
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