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托福阅读――经济贸易类(一)托福阅读――经济贸易类(一)
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料
托福阅读――经济贸易类(一)
Trade and the Ancient Middle East
Trade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the Middle
East, as caravans negotiated the surrounding desert, restricted
only by access to water and by mountain ranges. This has been
so since ancient times, partly due to the geology of the area,
which is mostly limestone and sandstone, with few deposits of
metallic ore and other useful materials Ancient demands for
obsidian (a black volcanic rock useful for making mirrors and
tools) led to trade with Armenia to the north, while jade for
cutting tools was brought from Turkistan, and the precious stone
lapis lazuli was imported from Afghanistan. One can trace such
expeditions back to ancient Sumeria, the earliest known Middle
Eastern civilization. Records show merchant caravans and trading
posts set up by the Sumerians in the surrounding mountains and
deserts of Persia and Arabia, where they traded grain for raw
materials, such as timber and stones, as well as for metals and
gems.
Reliance on trade had several important consequences.
Production was generally in the hands of skilled individual
artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was
also the shop owner. In these shops differences of rank were
blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same
modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild
and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often
had assumed (or real) kinship relationships. The worker was
bound to the master by a mutual contract that either one could
repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of
partnership.
This mode of craft production favored the growth of
self-governing and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds
everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially
professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and
protection of their members, and allowed for the maintena
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