- 1、本文档共14页,可阅读全部内容。
- 2、原创力文档(book118)网站文档一经付费(服务费),不意味着购买了该文档的版权,仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用,不得用于商业用途,未经授权,严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等,侵权必究。
- 3、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传,本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺!文档内容仅供研究参考,付费前请自行鉴别。如您付费,意味着您自己接受本站规则且自行承担风险,本站不退款、不进行额外附加服务;查看《如何避免下载的几个坑》。如果您已付费下载过本站文档,您可以点击 这里二次下载。
- 4、如文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等,请点击“版权申诉”(推荐),也可以打举报电话:400-050-0827(电话支持时间:9:00-18:30)。
查看更多
托福阅读――经济贸易类(一)托福阅读――经济贸易类(一)
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料
托福阅读――经济贸易类(一)
Trade and the Ancient Middle East
Trade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the Middle
East, as caravans negotiated the surrounding desert, restricted
only by access to water and by mountain ranges. This has been
so since ancient times, partly due to the geology of the area,
which is mostly limestone and sandstone, with few deposits of
metallic ore and other useful materials Ancient demands for
obsidian (a black volcanic rock useful for making mirrors and
tools) led to trade with Armenia to the north, while jade for
cutting tools was brought from Turkistan, and the precious stone
lapis lazuli was imported from Afghanistan. One can trace such
expeditions back to ancient Sumeria, the earliest known Middle
Eastern civilization. Records show merchant caravans and trading
posts set up by the Sumerians in the surrounding mountains and
deserts of Persia and Arabia, where they traded grain for raw
materials, such as timber and stones, as well as for metals and
gems.
Reliance on trade had several important consequences.
Production was generally in the hands of skilled individual
artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was
also the shop owner. In these shops differences of rank were
blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same
modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild
and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often
had assumed (or real) kinship relationships. The worker was
bound to the master by a mutual contract that either one could
repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of
partnership.
This mode of craft production favored the growth of
self-governing and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds
everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially
professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and
protection of their members, and allowed for the maintena
您可能关注的文档
- 打印--2013年中医内科主治医师考试_内经_考点打印--2013年中医内科主治医师考试_内经_考点.doc
- 打入桩承载力确定方法对安全系数的影响打入桩承载力确定方法对安全系数的影响.pdf
- 手机配件第一平台—远望配件库代理加盟书手机配件第一平台—远望配件库代理加盟书.doc
- 才大教育培训才大教育培训.ppt
- 打气抽气问题打气抽气问题.ppt
- 扎带固定座规格扎带固定座规格.pdf
- 打箭炉锅庄考略打箭炉锅庄考略.pdf
- 打印PLT文件步骤打印PLT文件步骤.pdf
- 打造地方院校大学精神的理论思考打造地方院校大学精神的理论思考.pdf
- 手绘+拼贴:不一样的绘画教程手绘+拼贴:不一样的绘画教程.pdf
文档评论(0)