成本会计：管理的着重点 书后习题答案第11章.doc

CHAPTER 11 DECISION MAKING AND RELEVANT INFORMATION 11-1 The five steps in the decision process outlined in Exhibit 11-1 of the text are: 1. Obtain information 2. Make predictions about future costs 3. Choose an alternative 4. Implement the decision 5. Evaluate performance to provide feedback 11-2 Relevant costs are those expected future costs that differ among alternative courses of action. Historical costs are irrelevant because they are past costs and, therefore, cannot differ among alternative future courses of action. 11-3 No. Relevant costs are defined as those expected future costs that differ among alternative courses of action. Thus, future costs that do not differ among the alternatives are irrelevant to deciding which alternative to choose. 11-4 Quantitative factors are outcomes that are measured in numerical terms. Some quantitative factors are financial––that is, they can be easily expressed in financial terms. Direct materials is an example of a quantitative financial factor. Qualitative factors are factors that are not measured in numerical terms. An example is employee morale. 11-5 Two potential problems that should be avoided in relevant cost analysis are: 1. Do not assume all variable costs are relevant and all fixed costs are irrelevant. 2. Do not use unit-cost data directly because it can mislead decision makers because a. it may include irrelevant costs, and b. comparisons of unit costs computed at different output levels lead to erroneous conclusions 11-6 No. Some variable costs may not differ among the alternatives under consideration and, hence, will be irrelevant. Some fixed costs may differ among the alternatives and, hence, will be relevant. 11-7 No. Some of the total unit costs to manufacture a product may be fixed costs, and, hence, will not differ between the make and buy alternatives. These fixed costs are irrelevant to the make-or-buy decision. The key comparison is between purchase costs and the costs that will be saved