专业英语13单元.doc

Ultraviolet and visible molecular spectroscopy Probably the first physical method used in analytical chemistry was based on the quality of the color in colored solution. The first things we observe regarding colored solutions are their hue，or color，and the color’s depth，or intensity.These observations led to the technique historically called colorimetry;the color of the solution could identify species(qualitative analysis) while the intensity of the color could identify the concentration of the species present(quantitative analysis).This technique was the first use of what we now understand to be absorption spectroscopy for chemical analysis .When white light passes through a solution and emerges as red light，we say that the solution is red.What has actually happened is that the solution has allowed the red component of white light to pass through，whereas it has absorbed the complementary color，yellow and blue. The more concentrated the sample solution，the more yellow and blue light is absorbed and the more intensely red the solution appears to the eye. For a long time，experimental work made use of the human eye as the detector to measure the hue and intensity of colors in solutions. However，even the best analyst can have difficulty comparing the intensity of two colors with slightly different hues，and there are of course people who are color-blind and cannot see certain colors.Instruments have been developed to perform the measurements more accurately and reliably than the human eye. While the human eye can only detect visible light，this chapter will focus on both the ultraviolet(UV) and the visible (Vis) portions of the spectrum. The wavelength range of UV radiation starts at the blue end of visible light(about 400nm) and ends at approximately 200nm for spectrometers operated in air. The radiation has sufficient energy to excite valence electrons in many atoms and molecules;consequently，UV radiation is involved with electronic excitation. Visible light，con