环境生态学---第十三章 生活史.pptVIP

Organisms may also avoid local harsh conditions by moving to another location. Migration is directional movement, such as the autumn flight of swallows from Europe to Africa. Dispersal, in contrast, is a nondirectional movement away from the birth or breeding site. There are three categories of migration, depending on whether an individual makes either (i) repeated return trips (ii) a single return trip, or (iii) a one- way trip. Migration 迁 移 生物也可以通过移动到别处来躲避当地恶劣的环境。迁徙是方向性运动，如燕子从欧洲到非洲的秋季飞行。相反，扩散是离开出生或繁殖地的非方向性运动。迁移有三种，依据生物个体做的是（i）反复的往返旅行，（ii）单次往返旅行，或（iii）单程旅行。 乌龟的一家在迁移 Many plants, fungi and animals have complex life cycles, in which either individuals adopt radically different morphological forms (e.g. caterpillar / butterfly, tadpole / frog) or generations differ radically from one another in a predictable fashion (e.g. haploid / diploid / alteration of generation in plants, sexual /asexual generations in rusts and aphids). Why are these complex strategies adopted? In some species, different stages are mainly devoted to either growth or dispersal, whilst in others different habitats are optimally utilized in different stages. Complex life cycles 复杂的生活 周期 许多植物、真菌和动物具有复杂的生活周期，在生活周期中，个体采用根本不同的形态学性状（如毛虫/蝴蝶，蝌蚪/青蛙）或世代以一种可预测的方式彼此根本不同（如植物的单倍体/双倍体世代交替，锈菌和蚜虫的有性/无性世代交替）。为什么要采用这些复杂的生活史对策呢？在一些种类、不同的期或主要进行生长或主要进行扩散，而在其他种类，不同的期是为了最有效的利用不同的生境。 个体生活史中的形态变化叫做变态。 许多种生物具有复杂的生活周期，复杂的生活周期有利于生境利用最优化，不同季节摄食不同饵料；复杂的生活周期有利于生长与扩散的权衡，有的阶段主要完成生长（如昆虫幼体），有的阶段完成扩散（如昆虫成体）。 复杂的生活周期 */24 Related topics Populations and population The mature of competition (I1) structure (H1) The nature of parasitism (K1) Senescence Why do individuals deteriorate as they grow old, with resultant reduced fecundity and vigor? There are two levels of answer to this question. At the mechanistic level, senescence is caused by the breakdown in cellular machinery to the effects of toxins and natural radiation. However, this cannot be the complete story – the onset of s