全部英语翻译专业英语.docxVIP

Lesson1 Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科is the planning，design，construcion，and management of the built environment. 是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles,from irrigation and drainage systems to rocke-launching facilities. 此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。Civil engineers木工程师build roads, bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,power plants,water and sewage systems,hospitals schools,mass transit,and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations.建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。They also build privately owned facilities such as airports,railroads,pipelines, skyscrapers,and other large stuctures designed for industrial,commercial,or residential use. 他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。In addition,Civil engineers plan,design,and build complete cities and towns,and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。 In 1782,Englishman Johe Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. 在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。 Since then,the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to refer to engineers who build puild public facilities,although the field is much broader. 自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。Scope.领域。Because it isso broad,civil engineering is subdiuided into a number of technical specialties. 因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。 Depending on the type of proiect,the skills of many kings of civil engineer specialists may be needed. 不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。When a project begins,the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement water,sewer,and power lines. 个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要