Chapter Two胡壮麟语言学.docVIP

Chapter Two Speech Sounds I. Phonetics 1. What is phonetics about? 2. Branches of phonetics. ▲ 3. Speech sounds ▲★ 3.1 How speech sounds are made? 3.2 Classification of English speech sounds 3.3 IPA ▲ II. Phonology 1. What is phonology about? 2. Phonological theories ▲★ 3. Some phonological rules ▲ 4. Suprasegmental features ▲ III. Exercises to Chapter Two I.Phonetics 1. What is phonetics about? Phonetics studies speech sounds, that is how speech sounds are actually produced, transmitted and perceived, the description and classification of speech sounds, etc. 2 Branches of phonetics. Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.(研究语音发音方式和发音位置的发声语音学) Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.(研究语音物理属性即声音质量的声响语音学) Auditory or perceptual phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.(研究语音生物属性即接收状态的听觉语言学) 3 Speech sounds 3.1 How speech sounds are made? Speech Organs1).The pharyngeal cavity: the throat 2).The oral cavity: the mouth 3).The nasal cavity: the nose The oral cavity The tongue，the uvula，the soft palate (velum)，the had palate， the teeth ridge (the alveolus)，the teeth，the lips 3.2 Classification of English Speech Sounds: 3.2.1.Consonants 3.2.2. Vowels ★The standard of classfying consonants and vowels In the process of producing consonants and vowels, whether the air stream coming from the lungs meets with some obstruction or not. ★The definiton of consonant: ①A major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction. ②In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx. Consonants contrast with vowels. ★The definiton of vowel: ①A major category of sound segments, produced without obstructi