卫生经济学考试讲义10.pdf

政府角色 Role of Government 卫生领域的政府干预 Government Intervention in Health Care Sector 政府干预医疗卫生的经济学理由 Economic Rationale for Government Intervention • 市场失灵Market failure – 医疗卫生市场不能达到资源最有效配置 The inability of a health care market to achieve allocative efficiency • 公共产品Public goods • 外部性Externality • 垄断Monopoly 公共产品Public Goods • 每个人都可以消费且不能排除他人对其消费的产品或服务 A good or service each unit of which is consumed by everyone and from which no one can be excluded – 搭便车Free rider • 私人产品Private good – 竞争性：如果你多享受一个单位的卫生服务，其他人就只能减少 一单位的卫生服务。 Rivalry: if you consume the health service by one more unit, someone else has to consume one unit less – 排他性：你可以将其他人排除在消费之外 Excludability: you can exclude others from using it • 公共产品例子 Example of public good – 国防、路灯National Defense System, Street light – 信息、技术Information, technology 公共产品Public Goods P MC=AC P +P A B MSB P B PA D =MB B B D =MB A A 0 M M E 外部性Externality • 交易过程，第三方支付成本或者获得利益，而 这些成本或者受益并不在该交易双方当事人的 考虑范围之内 A cost or a benefit arising from an economic transaction that falls on a third party and that is not taken into account by those who undertake the transaction • 正外部性—外部收益Positive externality-external benefit – 政府必须补贴外部收益 Government should subsidize externa