麻省理工学院 生物材料课程 lecture 20 Biomaterials for Organ Replacement.pdf

3.051/BE.340 1 Lecture 20: Biomaterials for Organ Replacement Therapies for Organ Replacement 1. Transplantation Replacement of tissue or organ from human or animal donor Allograft—human donor (e.g., kidney, liver, heart) Xenograft—animal donor (e.g., porcine aortic valves) Adv : • complete recovery of lost function for patient lifetime Disads: • possibility of rejection—attack by immune system • side effects of immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., steroids) • limited donor pool 2. Autograft Donor is also recipient Examples: skin grafts, nerve grafts, breast reconstructions, saphenous (calf) vein for coronary or peripheral artery bypass (~300,000/yr in U.S.) Adv : • complete recovery of lost function for patient lifetime • virtually no danger of rejection Disads: • limited self-donor tissue available • trauma/scarring at removal site 3.051/BE.340 2 3. Regenerated Tissues/Organs Cells grown on a scaffold device (synthetic or collagen-based, often resorbable) provide restored function (e.g., skin and cartilage) Adv: • no donor/self-donor tissue limitations • function restored for patient lifetime (in principle) Disads: • biological complexities of complete organ regeneration unsolved • possible immune response, depending on cell source 4. Permanent Implants Prosthetic devices manufactured from synthetic materials (e.g., hip prostheses, 200,000/yr in U.S., many designs) Femoral stem: CoCr, Ti, stainless steel Acetabular cup: metal with UHMWPE (2M Daltons) liner Femoral head: CoCr, Ti, Al2O3