核磁经典教程 Understanding NMR Spectroscopy Keeler_ch3.pdfVIP

3 The vector model For most kinds of spectroscopy it is sufficient to think about energy levels and selection rules; this is not true for NMR. For example, using this energy level approach we cannot even describe how the most basic pulsed NMR ex- periment works, let alone the large number of subtle two-dimensional exper- iments which have been developed. To make any progress in understanding NMR experiments we need some more tools, and the first of these we are going to explore is the vector model. This model has been around as long as NMR itself, and not surprisingly the language and ideas which flow from the model have become the language of NMR to a large extent. In fact, in the strictest sense, the vector model can only be applied to a surprisingly small number of situations. However, the ideas that flow from even this rather restricted area in which the model can be applied are carried over into more sophisticated treatments. It is therefore essential to have a good grasp of the vector model and how to apply it. 3.1 Bulk magnetization We commented before that the nuclear spin has an interaction with an applied magnetic field, and that it is this which gives rise the energy levels and ul- timately an NMR spectrum. In many ways, it is permissible to think of the magnetization z vector nucleus as behaving like a small bar magnet or, to be more precise, a mag- d l e i