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河南理工大学 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文文献资料翻译 院（系部） 数学与信息科学学院 专业名称 数学与应用数学专业 年级班级 0902班 学生姓名 学生学号 310911010214 2013年6月1日  Compact Spaces The notion of component is not nearly so natural as that of connectedness.From the beginnings of topology,it was clear that the closed interval of the real line had a certain proerty that was crucial for proving such thorrems as the maximum value theorem and the uniform continuity theorem .But for a long time,it was not clear how this property should be formulated for an arbitrary topological space.It used to be though that the crucial property of was the fact that every infinte subset of has a limit point,and this property was the one dignified with the name of compactness.Later ,mathematicians realized that this formulation does not lie at the heart of the matter,but rather that a stronger formulation,in terms of open coverings of the space,is morecentral.The latter formulation is what we now call compactness.It is not as natural or intuitive as the former,some familiarity with it is needed before its usefulness becomes apparent. Definition. A collection of subsets of a space is said to cover ,or to be a covering of ,if the union of the elements of is equal to .It is called an open covering of if its elements are open subsets of . Definition. A space is said to be compact if every open covering of contains a finite subcollection that also covers . EXAMPLE1. The real line is not compact,for the covering of by open intervals contains no finite subcollection that covers . EXAMPLE2. The following subspace of is compact: . Given an open covering of ,there is an element of containing 0.The set contains all but finitely many of the points ;choose,for each points of not in ,an element of containing it.The collection consisting of these elements of ,along with the element ,is a finite subcollection of that covers . EXAMPLE3. Any space containing