Unit5：Competition 竞争.pptx

Competition/watch?v=5AAftQIro7YVideo:/watch?v=5AAftQIro7Y /watch?v=5AAftQIro7YCompetitionJackal vs. Ostrich Eggs vs Vulture /watch?v=5AAftQIro7Y/watch?v=5AAftQIro7Y. Competition Videos Wooly Capuchin monkeys Marmoset Macaws Lions Hyenas Vultures Hawks: Why do they fight? Competition for food Aggressive or interference competition White Eyes Spiders Kakas Wasps Removal introduction experiments Resource or exploitative competitionWhat is Competition? “Any use or defense of a limited resource by members of one population that reduces the availability of that resource to other members of the same or different species.” Population consequences? Both species have lower abundances when living togetherTypes of competitionInterference competition- direct interaction between species as in fighting over limited resourcesExploitative competition- one species uses resources more efficiently than other speciesApparent competition- two species in the same habitat share a higher tropic level predatorScramble competition- where several share resources but with detrimental impact on all.Gause Competition ExperimentsTimeParemicium sp. growth curves for two species grown separately?What happened when the two species were grown together?Gause Competitive Exclusion Principle“In light of the evidence, we claim that if two or more species live in stable association, they must possess different ecological niches.”Principle?G.F. Gause, 1939Competitive Exclusion Principle Central principle of ecology Key to understanding: Resource partitioning Distribution abundance Evolution adaptive radiation Community structure diversityWhat is meant by a species’ “niche”? “A species’ niche is the set of environmental conditions under which it can survive reproduce, including the resources it exploits for food and the range of physical conditions it can tolerate.” The niche of any species is thus multidimensional What would be some niche dimensions that might be important for this and othe