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American Journal of Botany 87(5): 700–710. 2000. PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND RESPIRATORY ACCLIMATION AND GROWTH RESPONSE OF ANTARCTIC VASCULAR PLANTS TO CONTRASTING TEMPERATURE REGIMES1 FUSHENG S. XIONG, ERIN C. MUELLER, AND THOMAS A. DAY2 Department of Plant Biology and The Photosynthesis Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1601 USA Air temperatures have risen over the past 50 yr along the Antarctic Peninsula, and it is unclear what impact this is having on Antarctic plants. We examined the growth response of the Antarctic vascular plants Colobanthus quitensis (Caryophyl- laceae) and Deschampsia antarctica (Poaceae) to temperature and also assessed their ability for thermal acclimation, in terms of whole-canopy net photosynthesis (P ) and dark respiration (R ), by growing plants for 90 d under three contrasting n d temperature regimes: 7C day/7C night, 12C day/7C night, and 20C day/7C night (18 h/6 h). These daytime temperatures represent suboptimal (7C), near-optimal (12C), and supraoptimal (20C) temperatures for Pn based on field measurements at the collection site near Palmer Station along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Plants of both species grown at a daytime temperature of 20C had greater RGR (relative growth rate) and produced 2.2–3.3 times as much total biomass as plants grown at daytime temperatures of 12 or 7C. Plants grown at 20C also produced 2.0–4.1 times as many leaves, 3.4–5.5 times as much total leaf area, and had 1.5–1.6 times the LAR (leaf area ratio; leaf area:total biomass)